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Motherboard
The motherboard is the “body”[citation needed] of the computer. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the “brain” of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.The chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access MemoryThe BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.CurrentThe northbridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI ExpressPCI Express, for graphics cardsPCI, for other expansion cardsSATA, for disk drivesObsoleteATA (superseded by SATA)AGP (superseded by PCI Express)VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the southbridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.USBFireWireeSATA
Power supplyMain article: Power supply unit (computer)
Includes power cord, switch, and cooling fan. Supplies power at appropriate voltages to the motherboard and internal disk drives.
Video display controllerMain article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the visual display unit. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card.
Removable media devicesMain article: Computer storageCD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage.DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format.Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
Internal storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.Sound cardMain article: Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
NetworkingMain article: Computer networks
Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.Modem - for dial-up connections or sending digital faxes. (outdated)Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers, using IEEE 802.3 standards.Direct Cable Connection - Use of a null modem, connecting two computers together using their serial ports or a Laplink Cable
The motherboard is the “body”[citation needed] of the computer. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, and is sometimes referred to as the “brain” of the computer. It is usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.The chipset mediates communication between the CPU and the other components of the system, including main memory.RAM Stores all running processes (applications) and the current running OS. RAM Stands for Random Access MemoryThe BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards for graphics and sound.CurrentThe northbridge memory controller, for RAM and PCI ExpressPCI Express, for graphics cardsPCI, for other expansion cardsSATA, for disk drivesObsoleteATA (superseded by SATA)AGP (superseded by PCI Express)VLB VESA Local Bus (superseded by AGP)ISA (expansion card slot format obsolete in PCs, but still used in industrial computers)External Bus Controllers support ports for external peripherals. These ports may be controlled directly by the southbridge I/O controller or based on expansion cards attached to the motherboard through the PCI bus.USBFireWireeSATA
Power supplyMain article: Power supply unit (computer)
Includes power cord, switch, and cooling fan. Supplies power at appropriate voltages to the motherboard and internal disk drives.
Video display controllerMain article: Graphics card
Produces the output for the visual display unit. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E, PCI-E 2.0, or AGP), in the form of a graphics card.
Removable media devicesMain article: Computer storageCD (compact disc) - the most common type of removable media, suitable for music and data.CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.DVD (digital versatile disc) - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video, and is popular for data storage.DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.Blu-ray Disc - a high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video. Can store 70 times as much information as a CD.BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.HD DVD - a discontinued competitor to the Blu-ray format.Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium. Used today mainly for loading RAID drivers.Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable, and rewritable. Capacities vary, from hundreds of megabytes (in the same ballpark as CDs) to tens of gigabytes (surpassing, at great expense, Blu-ray discs).Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, used for long term storage and backups.
Internal storage
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.Solid-state drive - a device similar to hard disk, but containing no moving parts and stores data in a digital format.RAID array controller - a device to manage several internal or external hard disks and optionally some peripherals in order to achieve performance or reliability improvement in what is called a RAID array.Sound cardMain article: Sound card
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade. Most sound cards, either built-in or added, have surround sound capabilities.
NetworkingMain article: Computer networks
Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.Modem - for dial-up connections or sending digital faxes. (outdated)Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers, using IEEE 802.3 standards.Direct Cable Connection - Use of a null modem, connecting two computers together using their serial ports or a Laplink Cable
